18 December, 2012

Eels—with their simplicity of form, their preference for darkness, their gracefulness—have helped me embrace the unnameable and get to the essence of experience, that which cannot be cataloged or quantified.

James Prosek in National Geographic Magazine - NGM.com

17 December, 2012
Holy eye candy.

Holy eye candy.

6 December, 2012

DuPont, based in Wilmington, Delaware, says that it carried out over 400 field trials of Imprelis, yet only a few months after Imprelis hit the market, complaints – and lawsuits – about dead trees from Iowa to New Jersey came rolling in.

Controversial weed-killer to be pulled from market : Nature News Blog

30 November, 2012
In 1995, an Argentine biologist researching red knots in Tierra del Fuego captured and banded a flock of birds. One of the younger ones was labeled B95. Eighteen years later, he is still being spotted along his storied migration route.
Extraordinarily, this means that this little 4-ounce shorebird has flown at least 320,000 miles in his life.

In 1995, an Argentine biologist researching red knots in Tierra del Fuego captured and banded a flock of birds. One of the younger ones was labeled B95. Eighteen years later, he is still being spotted along his storied migration route.

Extraordinarily, this means that this little 4-ounce shorebird has flown at least 320,000 miles in his life.

29 November, 2012

Journalism & Blogging

I’m going to tread carefully, as “What is a blog? What is journalism?” is the sort of path from which it’s easy to emerge hours later, all scratched up by thorns and directionally confused, and it’s past one o’clock and I haven’t crossed a thing off this damn to-do list … but, for practical purposes, think of Wired Science as a science section, something like an online analogue to a newspaper section, which contains a variety of writing, including journalism and blogging.

The latter tends to be found in the Wired Science Blogs section (which of course includes a number of very fine journalists, including Dave Dobbs and Maryn McKenna and Deborah Blum, and Brian Switek who started out strictly as a blogger) while journalism is usually found in the main page — i.e., it’s not specifically designated as a blog post. This isn’t an absolute  distinction, as some of what appears in our main section isn’t journalism, while sometimes journalism appears in the blogs. But it’s a good rule of thumb.

As for the difference between journalism and blogging (how I hate that word; it would’ve been so much easier for everyone if the ‘blogger’ role hadn’t been named after a content-publishing platform that anyone could use) it’s twofold: process and presentation.

A journalist, or at least someone performing journalism, makes phone calls/sends emails/meets people/generally gets outside his or her head. There are other traits characteristic of journalism, but the basic act of reporting — and its implicit awareness of the limits of our own knowledge, of the importance of considering multiple perspectives — is fundamental. If there’s anything I wish I could see more of in what’s usually called blogging, it’s reporting.

Secondly, and less importantly, journalism is usually a self-contained story written to be broadly accessible. This isn’t to say a story can’t be complicated or written for a particular audience, but it needs to be a story, not a few paragraphs or captioned pullquotes. Journalism can generate blogging: On WiSci, Dave and Maryn and Deborah all routinely spin off posts from their reporting. But the final product is something different.

I also think blogging and journalism serve sometimes-overlapping, sometimes-different, and ultimately complementary roles in the public sphere … but I really should do at least *some* work today :)

26 November, 2012

Repeated investigation of dead young or carrying of corpses has been observed in several mammalian taxa, notably primates [e.g. yellow baboons (Papio cynocephalus): Altmann, 1980; chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes): Goodall, 1986; Matsuzawa, 1997; Biro et al., 2010; ring-tailed lemurs (Lemur catta): Nakamichi, Koyama & Jolly, 1996; Yunnan snub-nosed monkeys (Rhinopithecus bieti): Li et al., 2012), dolphins (Tursiops spp.) (Tayler & Saayman, 1972; Harzen & Dos Santos, 1992) and elephants (Loxodonta africana) (Moss, 1976; Poole, 1996), and was recently also described in giraffes (Giraffa camelopardalis) (Bercovitch, 2012).

Giraffe mothers in East Africa linger for days near the remains of their dead calves - Strauss - 2012 - African Journal of Ecology - Wiley Online Library

26 November, 2012

In social evolution theory, it has become common wisdom that close family ties should promote cooperative behaviour. Yet, in social insects, evidence is accumulating that queen promiscuity and low relatedness sometimes work better.

Current Biology - Social Evolution: When Promiscuity Breeds Cooperation

26 November, 2012

For co-infections by strains of the same species, increased co-transmission selects for less virulent strains. This is because co-transmission aligns the interests of co-infecting strains, thus decreasing the selective pressure for increased within-host competitiveness.

PARASITE CO-TRANSMISSION AND THE EVOLUTIONARY EPIDEMIOLOGY OF VIRULENCE - Alizon - 2012 - Evolution - Wiley Online Library

26 November, 2012

Our analysis shows that it is possible for unconditionally spiteful behavior to evolve without population structure in any finite population. In some circumstances spiteful behavior can contribute to its own stability by limiting population growth

THE EVOLUTIONARY DYNAMICS OF SPITE IN FINITE POPULATIONS - Smead - 2012 - Evolution - Wiley Online Library

3 October, 2012

The monkeys scratched themselves more often when being distant from other group members than when in close proximity with them, suggesting that even short-distance separation from group members may be an important factor affecting capuchins emotional response. The risk of receiving aggression seemed also to elicit anxiety, as scratching was higher when in proximity to more dominant individuals and females, which were the categories of group members that were more aggressive. By contrast, scratching was lower when in proximity to more secure partners, like kin. Finally, scratching rates following the receipt of aggression were higher than at baseline, indicating a post-conflict increase in anxiety.

Scratching as a Window into the Emotional Responses of Wild Tufted Capuchin Monkeys - Polizzi di Sorrentino - 2012 - Ethology - Wiley Online Library

12 July, 2012

An (old) interview with Warren Ewens

  • WE: Of course there is a strong possibility that the neutral theory is assumed not because it is appropriate but because the math of that theory is so very simple compared to the math applying for any selective theory.
  • AP: Can I follow that up? Do you think that that has lead to models of phylogenetic change that is not very well supported by the evidence?
  • WE: I think that that is quite possible. However, here we enter into another question. In mathematical population genetics theory you know from the very start that you are making big simplifying assumptions. You are in a very different position from a physicist, who might believe that his mathematical models describe reality exactly. No sensible population geneticist would make any claim along those lines. He or she is forced to simplify, because reality is so complicated that you don’t know it in any detail, and even if you did know it and used math describing it faithfully, the analysis would be impossible to carry through. So simplification is unavoidable. I do not know whether the use of the neutral theory is too much of a simplification and has lead us to incorrect and distorted views about the true evolutionary tree, it’s shape and dimensions, but I suspect that there has been quite a significant distortion.
30 May, 2012

We conclude that early gentle touching of beef cattle has long-term persistent effects, reduces fear towards humans, and may increase meat quality.

ScienceDirect.com - Applied Animal Behaviour Science - Gentle touching in early life reduces avoidance distance and slaughter stress in beef cattle